The pelvic organs include the vagina, cervix, uterus, bladder, urethra, small intestines and rectum. The pelvic organs are held in place by muscles of the pelvic floor. Layers of connective tissue called fascia also provide support. These supporting muscles and fascia may become torn or stretched, or they may weaken because of aging.
Problems with pelvic support often are associated with pelvic organ prolapse. In this condition, the fascia and muscles can no longer support the pelvic organs. As a result, the organs that they support can drop downward.
There are many types of prolapse:
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Uterine prolapse: The uterus drops into the vagina.
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Vaginal vault prolapse: The top of the vagina—the "vaginal vault"—drops. This problem occurs most often in women who have had a hysterectomy.
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Cystocele: The bladder drops from its normal place into the vagina.
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Urethrocele: A urethrocele happens when the urethra bulges into the vagina. It often occurs with a cystocele.
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Enterocele: The small intestine pushes against the back wall of the vagina, creating a bulge. Enteroceles often occur with vaginal vault prolapse.
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Rectocele: The rectum bulges into or out of the vagina.